NN 20/2025

VOORSTANDERS IN AKSIE: VERSTAAN DIE ONDERWYSERSUNIE SE

MANDAAT

Dit is ʼn bisarre, maar tog wonderlike wêreld waarin ons tans leef. Dit is veral waar en relevant as mens die stories en ervarings in die onderwyssektor in ag neem. Opvoeders bevind hulself by talle geleenthede in ʼn situasie wat tot die volgende reaksie lei: "Ag nee, dis moeilikheid. Laat ek my vakbond bel!".

 

Dit is egter belangrik om te verstaan dat, so graag die SAOU sy lede wil verteenwoordig en verdedig, daar ʼn wetlike mandaat is ingevolge waarvan 'n vakbond toegelaat word om op te tree. Die kern-fokus van hierdie inligtingstuk is om te verseker dat lede verstaan wanneer die SAOU die wetlike reg het om bystand te verleen.

 

1. Wat presies is die vakbond?

Onderwysvakbonde is professionele, geregistreerde organisasies wat bestaan met die doel om onderwysers teen onbillike arbeidspraktyke te beskerm en om onderwysers se salarisse asook beleide relevant tot die onderwys te onderhandel. Ons, as vakbond, is ʼn sleutelrolspeler in belangrike besluite wat deur die regering in die onderwyssektor geneem word.

 

In Suid-Afrika speel onderwysvakbonde en veral die SAOU ongetwyfeld 'n sentrale rol in arbeidsverhoudinge, die ontwikkeling van onderwysbeleid en die breër sosio-ekonomiese omgewing wat onderwys beïnvloed.

 

Die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge, 66 van 1995 (WAV), reguleer alle vakbonde in Suid-Afrika. In artikel 213 van die WAV word ʼn "vakbond" soos volg gedefinieer:

 

"...'n vereniging van werknemers wie se hoofdoel is om verhoudings tussen werknemers en werkgewers te reguleer, insluitend enige werkgewersorganisasies.”

 

Hierdie definisie is die sleutel tot die begrip van die rol en mandaat van 'n vakbond, aangesien dit duidelik stipuleer dat die primêre regsfunksie behels om op te tree in sake wat direk verband hou met die diensverhouding, insluitend, maar nie beperk tot salarisse, werksomstandighede, ontslag en kollektiewe bedinging.

 

2. Die wetlike mandaat wat aan vakbonde toevertrou is

Die wetgewende raamwerk wat vakbonde beheer, word in die WAV gevind. Om spesifiek die vraag te beantwoord oor wat die mandaat van die vakbond behels, moet daar na Artikel 200 van die WAV verwys word.

 

In hierdie artikel word voorsiening gemaak vir die gevalle waar die vakbond wettiglik toegelaat word om sy lede te verteenwoordig. Dit kan opgesom word om te sê dat ʼn vakbond die wetlike mandaat het om in drie vorme van kapasiteit in enige geskil waarby enige van sy lede ʼn party is, op te tree.

 

Die vakbond het die volgende drie vorme van handelingsbevoegdheid:

 

(a) in die vakbond se eie belang;

(b) namens enige van sy lede;

(c) in die belang van enige van sy lede.

 

Artikel 200 kwalifiseer die reg verder en bepaal dat enige geregistreerde vakbond geregtig is om ʼn party te wees by enige verrigtinge ingevolge die WAV indien een of meer van sy lede ʼn party by daardie verrigtinge is. Dit beteken dat ʼn vakbond geregtig is om in te gryp in arbeidsverwante geskille, wat ʼn oorsprong het uit die relevante wetgewing en in voortspruitende verrigtinge voor die KVBA, ʼn raad of ʼn hof, indien die party wat verteenwoordiging versoek, instem en die ingryping in die belang van enige van sy lede is.

 

3. Die breë kategorisering van die mandaat

Die mandaat en regte van onderwysersvakbonde kan breedweg as volg gekategoriseer word.

 

3.1. Kollektiewe Bedinging en Verteenwoordiging:

Die vakbond verteenwoordig sy lede in bedingingsrade soos die Raad op Arbeidsverhoudinge in die Onderwys (RAVO) of die Kommissie vir Versoening, Bemiddeling en Arbitrasie (KVBA) vir salarisonderhandelinge, werksomstandighede, voordele en ander werkverwante kwessies.

 

3.2. Arbeidsgeskilbeslegting:

Lede word bygestaan in grieweprosedures, dissiplinêre verhore en geskille met betrekking tot beweerde wangedrag, onbillike arbeidspraktyke, ontslag en ander geskille met betrekking tot die pligte en verantwoordelikhede van die werkgewer teenoor die werknemer. Dit sluit verteenwoordiging in prosedures soos konsiliasies, arbitrasies en hofverskynings in.

 

3.3. Professionele Ontwikkeling en Beïnvloeding van Beleide:

Die vakbond bepleit professionele ontwikkeling, voortgesette opleiding en die kwalifisering van opvoeders. Daar word ook deelgeneem aan die prosesse rakende die vorming van nasionale en provinsiale onderwysbeleid, ontwikkeling van die kurrikulum en implementeringsraamwerke.

 

3.4. Beskerming van Lede se Regte:

'n Verdere belangrike funksie van die vakbond is om opvoeders te verdedig teen administratiewe onbillikheid, viktimisering en ongunstige werksomstandighede. Dit sluit ook litigasie in, waar nodig, om grondwetlike en statutêre regte af te dwing.

 

3.5. Bevordering van Gehalte Onderwys:

Alhoewel die vakbond se primêre fokus die verteenwoordiging van werknemers behels, pleit die vakbond dikwels vir hervormings wat daarop gemik is om die gehalte van onderwys, skoolinfrastruktuur en leeromstandighede te verbeter. Dit is gekoppel aan die breër grondwetlike mandaat om die reg op onderwys te verseker.

 

Daar is beperkings op die regte van ʼn vakbond en dus ook 'n wetlike verantwoordelikheid om daardie regte verantwoordelik uit te oefen en op ʼn wyse wat nie inbreuk maak op ander wetgewing, leerderregte of die lewering van gehalte onderwys ontwrig nie.

 

4. Beperking op verteenwoordiging in siviele regsaangeleenthede

Dit is ʼn eksplisiete beperking dat die geskil ingevolge waarvan 'n lid verteenwoordig word, binne die bestek van werkverwante sake onder die WAV moet val. Die vereiste bestaan ook dat verteenwoordiging slegs aan huidige lede toegestaan mag word soos bepaal in die grondwet van die vakbond.

 

Elke vakbond word deur sy eie grondwet beheer, wat by die Departement van Arbeid geregistreer moet word.

 

Die grondwet definieer die volgende:

(a) Die omvang van die vakbond se aktiwiteite,

(b) Dienste wat aan lede gebied word, en

(c) Die vakbond se magte en doelwitte.

 

Geen grondwet mag teenstrydig wees met die betrokke wetgewing nie, wat in hierdie geval die WAV is.

 

Die definisie van ʼn vakbond, sowel as Artikel 200 van die WAV, dui duidelik die mandaat van die vakbond aan. Die mandaat en toestemming om namens sy lede siviele regsaangeleenthede te hanteer, val nie binne die bestek van die WAV-bepalings nie en is dus verbode.

 

Siviele reg handel oor geskille tussen individue, organisasies of albei, eerder as arbeidsverwante of kriminele oortredings. Hierdie sake behels gewoonlik een party wat vergoeding of die afdwinging van regte verlang.

 

Van die sleutelgebiede van Siviele Reg in Suid-Afrika sluit in:

  1. Kontraktereg:
    Dit behels geskille in verband met ooreenkomste, bv. versuim om dienste of goedere te lewer.
  2. Deliktereg:
    Gevalle waar iemand verlies of besering ly as gevolg van die onregmatige gedrag van ʼn ander (bv. laster, nalatigheid of skade aan eiendom).
  3. Familiereg:
    Sake soos egskeiding, kinderregte, onderhoud (kinder-/gadeonderhoud) en aanneming.
  4. Eiendomsreg:
    Geskille rakende eienaarskap, huur, erfenis of grense van grond en eiendom.
  5. Verbruikersbeskerming:
    Wanneer die regte van ʼn verbruiker geskend word, soos die verkoop van defektiewe goedere of valse advertensies.
  6. Insolvensiereg:
    In die geval waar individue of maatskappye nie hul skuld kan betaal nie en regsprosesse gevolg word.

 

Die vakbond sal nie in staat wees om sy lede in die bogenoemde omstandighede by te staan nie, ten spyte daarvan dat gekwalifiseerde regspraktisyns in diens van die vakbond is, weens die gebrek aan 'n wetlike mandaat tot dié effek.

 

5. Wet op Regspraktyk 28 van 2014

Benewens die feit dat die vakbond verplig is om binne sy wetlike mandaat op te tree, moet daar ook verstaan word dat daar wetgewing is wat bepaal wie die gesag het om amptelik regsdienste te lewer.

 

Die Wet op Regspraktyk bepaal wie regsdienste in Suid-Afrika mag lewer. Hierdie wet bepaal dat slegs toegelate prokureurs, advokate of professionele persone wat by die Regspraktykraad geregistreer is, regsverteenwoordiging of advies in siviele sake mag verskaf.

 

'n Vakbond kan nie as ʼn regspraktisyn of regsfirma optree nie. Die lede mag egter deur die vakbond na gekwalifiseerde eksterne prokureurs verwys word om in siviele sake bystand te verleen. Daar is egter geen verpligting op 'n vakbond om die kostes te dra nie.

 

Ten slotte is dit belangrik dat lede werklik verstaan dat indien die vakbond ultra vires (buite grondwetlike magte) optree, die gevolg moontlik blootstelling aan nadelige regsuitdagings inhou.

 

Verder sal enige vorm van ongemagtigde regspraktyk ʼn kriminele oortreding ingevolge die Wet op Regspraktyk daarstel. Die vakbond loop gevolglik die risiko om aanspreeklik gehou te word vir nalatige of onbevoegde regsadvies wat verskaf sou word.

 

Die SAOU vertrou dat lede sal verstaan dat die wetlike mandaat van Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysersvakbonde veelsydig is, gewortel in grondwetlike regte en verder uitgebrei word deur statutêre en institusionele meganismes soos hierbo verduidelik, en sal hul verwagtinge en vooruitsigte van die vakbond dienooreenkomstig baseer.

 

Lede kan verseker wees dat in die geval van arbeidsverwante geskille, ingevolge waarvan dit handel oor die verhouding tussen werknemer en werkgewer, die vakbond die wettige reg het om bystand te verleen en die geleentheid dienooreenkomstig met ywer sal aangryp.

 

Die vakbond se primêre rol is die beskerming en bevordering van opvoeders se arbeidsregte, maar dit dra ook ʼn breër verantwoordelikheid om positief tot die onderwysstelsel by te dra. Die betrokkenheid van die SAOU moet ook uitgeoefen word in ooreenstemming met die oorkoepelende grondwetlike imperatief om toegang tot gehalte-onderwys te bied.

 

Indien jy twyfel of vrae het oor die onderwerp, moet asseblief nie huiwer om jou provinsiale SAOU-kantoor of die SAOU Regsafdeling te kontak nie.

2025/07/29

ADVOCATES IN ACTION: UNDERSTANDING THE TEACHER UNION MANDATE

It is a bizarre, yet wonderful world we currently live in. This is especially true and relevant when considering the stories and experiences encountered in the education sector. On numerous occasions educators find themselves in a situation which leads to the following reaction: “Oh no this is trouble. Let me phone my union!”.

 

It is however important to understand that as much as the SAOU would want to represent and defend its members, there is a legal mandate in terms of which the union is allowed to act. The core focus of this letter is to ensure that members understand when the SAOU has the legal right to assist.

 

1. What exactly is the union?

Teacher unions are professional, registered lobby organisations that exist to protect teachers from unfair labour practices and to negotiate teachers’ salaries and government policies in education. They are key role players in major decisions made by the government in the education sector.

 

In South Africa teacher unions, especially the SAOU, without a doubt play a pivotal role in labour relations, educational policy development, and the broader socio-economic environment impacting education.

 

The Labour Relations Act, 66 of 1995 (LRA), governs all trade unions in South Africa. In section 213 of the LRA, a "trade union" is defined as follows:

 

"...an association of employees whose principal purpose is to regulate relations between employees and employers, including any employers’ organisations."

 

This definition is key to understanding the role and mandate of a trade union as it clearly stipulates that the primary legal function is to act in matters directly related to the employment relationship including, but not limited to wages, working conditions, dismissals and collective bargaining.

 

2. The legal mandate entrusted to unions

The legislative framework which governs trade unions is found in the LRA. In specifically answering the question regarding what the mandate of the union entails, one needs to refer to Section 200 of the LRA.

 

In this section provision is made for the instances where the union is legally permitted to represent its members. It can be summarised to state that a trade union has the legal mandate to act in three forms of capacity in any dispute to which any of its members is a party.

 

The union has the following three forms of capacity to act:

 

(a) in the union’s own interest;

(b) on behalf of any of its members;

(c) in the interest of any of its members.

 

Section 200 further qualifies this in that any registered trade union is entitled to be a party to any proceedings in terms of the LRA if one or more of its members is a party to those proceedings. This means that a trade union is entitled to intervene in labour related disputes originating from relevant legislation and subsequent proceedings before the CCMA, a council or a court, if the party it seeks to represent consents and the intervention is in the interest of any of its members.

 

3. The broad categorisation of the mandate

The mandate and rights of teacher unions can be broadly categorised as follows.

 

3.1   Collective Bargaining and Representation:

The union represents its members in bargaining councils such as the Education Labour Relations Council (ELRC) or the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) for negotiation on wages, working conditions, benefits and other employment-related issues.

 

3.2   Labour Dispute Resolution:

Members are assisted in grievance procedures, disciplinary hearings, and disputes relating to alleged misconduct, unfair labour practices, dismissals and other disputes relating to the duties and responsibilities of the employer towards the employee. This includes representation in conciliations, arbitrations and court appearances.

 

3.3   Professional Development and Policy Influence:

The union advocates for professional development, continuous training, and the qualifying of educators. It also participates in the processes of shaping national and provincial education policy, curriculum development, and implementation frameworks.

 

3.4   Protection of Members’ Rights:

Another important function of the union is to defend educators against administrative unfairness, victimisation, and adverse working conditions. This also includes litigation, where necessary, to enforce constitutional and statutory rights.

 

3.5   Promotion of Quality Education:

Even though the primary focus of the union entails the representation of employees, the union often advocates for improving the quality of education, school infrastructure, and learning conditions. This is tied to the broader constitutional mandate to ensure the right to education.

 

There are limitations to the rights of a union and thus also a legal responsibility to exercise its rights responsibly and in a manner that does not infringe on other legislative frameworks, learner’s rights or which disrupts the delivery of quality education.

 

4. Limitation on representation in civil law matters

It is an explicit limitation that the dispute in terms of which a member is represented, must fall within the scope of employment-related matters under the LRA. The requirement also exists that representation may only be granted to current members as determined in the constitution of the union.

 

Each union is governed by its own constitution, which must be registered with the Department of Employment and Labour.

 

The constitution defines the following:

(a) The scope of the union's activities,

(b) Services offered to members, and

(c) The union’s powers and objectives.

 

No constitution may be contrary to the relevant legislation, which in this case is the LRA.

 

The definition of a trade union, as well as Section 200 of the LRA clearly indicates the mandate of the union. The mandate and permission to deal with civil law matters on behalf of its members does not fall within the scope of the LRA provisions and is therefore prohibited.

 

Civil law deals with disputes between individuals, organisations, or both, rather than labour related or criminal offences. These matters usually involve one party seeking compensation or the enforcement of rights.

 

Some of the key areas of Civil Law in South Africa include:

  1. Contract Law
    This entails disputes over agreements, e.g. failure to deliver services or goods as promised.
  2. Delict
    Cases where someone suffers loss or injury due to the wrongful conduct of another (e.g. defamation, negligence, or damage to property).
  3. Family Law
    Matters such as divorce, child custody, maintenance (child/spousal support), and adoption.
  4. Property Law
    Disputes regarding ownership, leasing, inheritance, or boundaries of land and property.
  5. Consumer Protection
    When the rights of a consumer are violated, such as being sold defective goods or false advertising.
  6. Insolvency law
    In the event where individuals or companies are unable to pay their debts and legal processes are followed.

 

The union will not be able to assist its members in the abovementioned circumstances, despite the fact that qualified legal practitioners are in the employ of the union, due to the lack of a legal mandate to such effect.

 

5. Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014

In addition to the fact that the union is obliged to act within its legal mandate, one also needs to understand that there is legislation which determines who holds the authority to officially provide legal services.

 

The Legal Practice Act governs who may provide legal services in South Africa. This act stipulates that only admitted attorneys, advocates, or Legal Practice Council-registered professionals may offer legal representation or advice in civil matters.

 

A union cannot act as a legal practitioner or law firm. However, it may refer members to qualified external attorneys to assist in civil matters. However, there is no duty on the union to stand in for the expenses related to same.

 

In conclusion, it is important for members to truly understand that if the union acts ultra vires (beyond constitutional powers), it could be exposed to detrimental legal challenges.

 

Furthermore, any form of unauthorised legal practice will constitute a criminal offence under the Legal Practice Act. The union will consequently risk being held liable for negligent or incompetent legal advice given.

 

The SAOU trusts its members will comprehend that the legal mandate of South African teacher unions is multi-faceted, rooted in constitutional rights and further elaborated through statutory and institutional mechanisms as explained above, and will base their expectations and prospects of the union accordingly.

 

Members may rest assured that in the event of labour related disputes, in terms of which it deals with the relationship between employee and employer, the union has the legal right to assist and will vigorously rise to the occasion.

 

The union’s primary role is the protection and promotion of educators' labour rights, but it also carries a broader responsibility to contribute positively to the education system. The involvement of the SAOU must also be exercised in alignment with the overarching constitutional imperative to provide access to quality education.

 

If you have doubts or questions on the matter, please do not hesitate to contact your provincial SAOU office or the SAOU Legal Department.

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